Can the mouse model successfully predict mixed metal(loid)s bioavailability in humans from contaminated soils?

Mouse models have been employed by many scientific research groups worldwide to predict the bioavailability of metal (loid)s and other chemicals in humans. Their suitability for predicting mixed metal (loid) bioavailability has been questioned and debated for decades by many research teams. In this study soils contaminated by lead (Pb) and arsenic (As), either in the field or by spiking in the laboratory, were used in bioavailability and bio-accessibility tests. The spiked soils were aged for more than a year prior to testing to achieve steady state and eliminate soil ageing effects, as reported in previous research. The bioavailability of, firstly, Pb in the presence of As and secondly, As in the presence of Pb was determined using mice. Furthermore, bioaccessibility was determined using a range of in vitro methods: relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (RBALP), the Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group Europe (BARGE) method (UBM) gastric and intestinal phases, and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) gastric and intestinal phases. The correlations between Pb and As bioavailability and their in vitro bioaccessibility when they were present in mixtures were analysed.The results indicated that the bioavailability of Pb in mice kidney tissues significantly correlated with bio-accessibility of Pb in RBALP (p < 0.01), UBM gastric (p < 0.01) and intestinal phases (p < 0.01) and RIVM gastric phases when Pb is present in metal (loid) mixtures. Results of the current study reveal that the RBALP, and UBM gastric and intestinal phase were by far the best methods for predicting the RB of Pb when it is present in metal (loid) mixtures. Consequently, the mouse model can successfully explain the in vivo in vitro correlation (IVIVC) of Pb when it is present in metal (loid) mixtures. However, we did find that a mouse model may not be the best one to explain the IVIVC of As when it is present in metal (loid) mixtures.