Tolerability and blinding of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation among older adults at intensities of up to 4 mA per electrode

Background: Few studies have investigated tolerability, blinding, and double-blinding of High-Definition trans cranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) at amplitudes above 2 milliamps (mA). Objective: We examined a) tolerability of HD-tDCS during stimulation sessions and b) blinding and double blinding of participants and study team members.Methods: Data from a mixed neurologic sample of 292 older adults were pooled from 3046 HD-tDCS sessions (2329 active; 717 sham). Per electrode amplitudes ranged from 1 mA to 4 mA with total currents up to 10 mA. Participants completed a standardized sensation (tolerability) questionnaire after each session. Participants and study team members stated whether the participant received active or sham stimulation at the end of various sessions. Data were collapsed into the presence/absence of a symptom due to low rates of positive responding and were analyzed for both differences and bioequivalency.Results: There were no safety-related adverse events. HD-tDCS was well tolerated with mostly no ("none") or "mild" sensations reported across sessions, regardless of active or sham condition and in both stimulation naive and experienced participants. There were no significant differences in side effects between active and sham, with some achieving bioequivalence. Tingling and itching were significantly more common after lower (<2 mA) than higher (>= 3 mA) amplitude active sessions, while skin redness was significantly more common after higher amplitudes. Blinding was effective at the participant and study team levels.Conclusions: HD-tDCS was well tolerated with center electrode amplitudes up to 4 mA. The bimodal ramp-up/ down format of the sham was effective for blinding. These results support higher scalp-based amplitudes that enable greater brain-based current intensities in older adults.