Potential biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and petroleum hydrocarbons by indigenous fungi recovered from crude oil-contaminated soil in Iran

A total of 265 fungal individuals were isolated from soils exposed to heavy oil spills in the Yadavaran oil field in Iran to discover indigenous fungal species with a high potential to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. Morphological and molecular identification of obtained fungal species led to their assignment into 16 genera and 25 species. Alternaria spp. (78%), Fusarium spp. (5%), and Cladosporium spp. (4%) were the most common genera, along with Penicillium spp., Neocamarosporium spp., Epicoccum sp., Kotlabaea sp., Aspergillus sp., Mortierella sp., and Pleurotus sp. A preliminary screening using the DCPIP indicator revealed that approximately 35% of isolates from Alternaria, Epicoccum, Neocamarosporium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Penicillium, and Stemphylium demonstrated promising tolerance to crude oil. The best-performing isolates (12 fungal individuals) were further investigated for their capacity to mineralize a mixture of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) for 47 days, quantified by GC-MS. Eventually, two top-performing isolates, namely 5c-12 (Alternaria tenuissima) and 3b-1 (Epicoccum nigrum), were applied to petroleum-contaminated soil. The GC-MS analysis showed that 60 days after inoculation, these isolates successfully degraded more than 70% of the long-chain hydrocarbons in the soil, including C8-C16 n-alkanes, C36 n-alkane, and Pristane. This study introduces two fungal species (5c-12 and 3b-1) with high potential for biodegrading petroleum compounds and PAHs, offering promising prospects for the decontamination of oil-contaminated soil.