Forecast of 241Am Migration from a System of Deep Horizontal Boreholes

Highly radioactive materials classified as high-level nuclear waste (HLW) of atomic power engineering should be disposed of deeply underground in special geological disposal facilities (GDFs), which can be of either shaft or borehole type. The advantages of borehole-type GDFs result from smaller volumes of mining operations, a simpler construction technology, shorter construction time and cost. This allows us to consider them as an alternative to shaft-type GDFs. The parts of the boreholes in which waste containers should be placed can be both vertical and horizontal. Computer simulation of the migration of radionuclides from a group of parallel horizontal boreholes into the biosphere made it possible to conclude that horizontal GDF boreholes have significant advantages over vertical ones. We determined a forecast of 241Am migration by a method of mathematical modelling of 241Am release from vitrified HLW disposed of in several horizontal drillholes. The maximum concentrations of americium in the near-surface groundwater above the repository are calculated depending on the number of boreholes, the depth of their location and the distance between them, the permeability of rocks and the time of waste storage prior to disposal. Influence of different conditions on the safety of a GDF of borehole type is estimated. Calculations show that the heat generated by HLW causes a weaker groundwater convection near horizontal boreholes compared to vertical boreholes of the same capacity. In addition to that, at an equal thickness of the rock layer separating the HLW from the surface, the geothermal temperature of the host rocks in the near field of a horizontal borehole will be lower than the average geothermal temperature near a vertical borehole. As a result, the rate of radionuclides leaching from the waste forms by groundwaters will also be lower in the case of horizontal boreholes.