Geographical, Sex, Age, and Seasonal Differences in Serum Manganese Status Among Chinese Adults with Hypertension

Background Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal element required for optimal human health. However, few studies have assessed the Mn status in hypertensive patients, especially in China. Moreover, factors associated with Mn status have not yet been thoroughly explored. Therefore, we aimed to assess the serum Mn status of adults with hypertension in China and its association with demographic factors. Methods An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess serum Mn concentrations in 14 provinces of China. A total of 2597 patients with hypertension were randomly identified by sex, age, and district, and serum Mn concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results In our study population, the median serum Mn levels were 1.60 (interquartile range (IQR), 0.94-2.85) mu g/L for males and 1.51 (IQR, 0.86-2.69) mu g/L for females. In adjusted linear regression models, significantly higher serum Mn concentrations were found in summer (compared with spring, beta, 1.06 mu g/L, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.50), and those living in Guangxi (compared with Heilongjiang, beta, 0.81, 95% CI: 0.06 to 1.56), Shanxi (compared with Heilongjiang, beta, 0.75, 95% CI: 0.01 to 1.50), and Liaoning (compared with Heilongjiang, beta, 1.65, 95% CI: 0.91 to 2.38), and significantly lower serum Mn concentrations were found in patients who aged 60-70 years (compared with those aged < 60 years, beta, - 0.40 mu g/L, 95% CI: - 0.76 to - 0.05). Conclusion Our findings observed high serum Mn status among Chinese adults with hypertension, and revealed the association between terms of age, region, and season with serum Mn.