Hybrid whale optimization algorithm-scaled cascade fractional order hybrid controller applied to renewable based Electric Vehicle generating systems

In the upcoming epochs, conventional energy may deplete soon. Thus, the use of conventional energy in the power industries need to be supplemented by non-conventional energy resources. This would result in loss of synchronisms in the power grids owing to the fact that solar and wind alternate their attributes expeditiously with change in atmospheric phenomenon. To ameliorate frequency deviation within a specific range automatic generation control (AGC) implements forced allowance on system operation. A three area thermal with photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicle (EV), wind system is considered under deregulated environment to develop and to judge the efficacy of newly developed cascade fractional order hybrid controller combination of (FOTID & 3DOF-PID). Comparing the aforementioned controller to other controllers such as the three degree of freedom proportional-integral-derivative (3DOF-PID), the fractional order tilt-integral-derivative (FOTID) and the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) justifies the system's effectiveness. This assessment has been accomplished by a trendy optimization technique such as hybrid whale optimization algorithm (HWOA). However, the main intent of this write-up is to fabricate a cascade fractional order (CC-FO) hybrid controller that would act as the new control mechanism for the proposed system under deregulated scenario. It has been found that the suggested CC-FO hybrid controller stabilizes the system (i.e., Under step load disruptions, frequency deviation and tie-line power become zero) in the shortest amount of time possible. Additionally, it is seen that the recommended controller can control a wide range of nominal loading circumstances and system characteristics, demonstrating its robustness.