Recent advances in isolation, characterization, and potential applications of nanocellulose-based composites: a comprehensive review

Cellulose is the most abundant bio-inspired polymer derived from biomass with tremendous promises to expedite the sustainability and green transition. The interesting, fascinating, and applicable properties of nanocellulose-based structures including biocompatibility, low cost, high intrinsic strength, and extraordinary mechanical properties have opened new horizons for their advanced and emerging applications. This comprehensive review aimed to highlight different aspects of cellulose nanomaterials, ranging from preparation, classification, surface modification, nanocomposite fabrication, characterization, and their potential applications in various multifunctional, and high-performance products. This work also reviews the recent approaches applied to modify the surface chemistry of nanocellulose through functionalizing its surface hydroxyl groups to impart advanced desirable properties. Also, emerging applications of CNMs including biosensors, electromagnetic shielding, eco-friendly and sustainable packaging, and bio-medical fields are well demonstrated in this review.