Platycodin D inhibits HFD/STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy via inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in C57BL/6 mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) is a traditional herb used in Asian countries and is widely used in formulas for the treatment of diabetes. Platycodin D (PD) is one of the most important components of PG.Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the improvement effects and regulatory mechanisms of PD on kidney injury in a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN). Materials and methods: Model mice were treated with oral gavage of the PD (2.5, 5 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Deter-mination of serum lipid and renal function-related indexes creatinine (CRE), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in mice, and histopathological section analysis of kidney. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were utilized to study the binding ability of PD to target NF-cB and apoptosis signaling pathway-related proteins. Moreover, Western blot was used to test the expressions of NF-cB and apoptosis-related proteins. Vitro experi-ments were performed to validate the related mechanisms using RAW264.7 cells and HK2 cells cultured by high glucose.Results: In vivo experiments, the administration of PD (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels in DN mice, while lipid levels and renal function were significantly improved. Furthermore, PD significantly inhibited the development of DN in the model mice by regulating NF-cB and apoptotic signaling pathways, reduced the abnormal elevation of serum inflammatory factors TNF-a and IL-1(i, and repaired renal cell apoptosis. In vitro experiments, NF-cB inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was used to confirm that PD can alleviate high glucose-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors. And in HK2 cell experiments, it was verified that PD can inhibit ROS generation, reduce the loss of JC-1 and suppress HK2 cell injury by regulating NF-cB and apoptotic pathways.Conclusions: These data suggested that PD has the potential to prevent and treat DN and is a promising natural nephroprotective agent.