Hydrogenimonas cancrithermarum sp. nov., a hydrogen- and thiosulfate-oxidizing mesophilic chemolithoautotroph isolated from diffuse-flow fluids on the East Pacific Rise, and an emended description of the genus Hydrogenimonas

A novel mesophilic, hydrogen- and thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium, strain ISO32(T), was isolated from diffuse-flow hydrothermal fluids from the Crab Spa vent on the East Pacific Rise. Cells of ISO32(T) were rods, being motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The isolate grew at a temperature range between 30 and 55 degrees C (optimum, 43 degrees C), at a pH range between 5.3 and 7.6 (optimum, pH 5.8) and in the presence of 2.0-4.0% NaCl (optimum, 2.5%). The isolate was able to grow chemolithoautotrophically with molecular hydrogen, thiosulfate or elemental sulfur as the sole electron donor. Thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, nitrate and molecular oxygen were each used as a sole electron acceptor. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed ISO32(T) in the genus Hydrogenimonas of the class Epsilonproteobacteria, with Hydrogenimonas thermophila EP1-55-1%(T) as its closest relative (95.95% similarity). On the basis of the phylogenetic, physiological and genomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel species within the genus Hydrogenimonas, Hydrogenimonas cancrithermarum sp. nov. The type strain is ISO32(T) (=JCM 39185(T) =KCTC 25252(T)). Furthermore, the genomic properties of members of the genus Hydrogenimonas are distinguished from those of members of other thermophilic genera in the orders Campylobacterales (Nitratiruptor and Nitrosophilus) and Nautiliales (Caminibacter, Nautilia and Lebetimonas), with larger genome sizes and lower 16S rRNA G+C content values. Comprehensive metabolic comparisons based on genomes revealed that genes responsible for the Pta-AckA pathway were observed exclusively in members of mesophilic genera in the order Campylobacterales and of the genus Hydrogenimonas. Our results indicate that the genus Hydrogenimonas contributes to elucidating the evolutionary history of Epsilon-proteobacteria in terms of metabolism and transition from a thermophilic to a mesophilic lifestyle.