Association of Serum Concentrations of Copper, Selenium, and Zinc with Grip Strength Based on NHANES 2013-2014

Increasing evidence has found metals to be strongly associated with muscle strength, but the correlations between serum copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) with grip strength in adult populations have not yet been established. We examined the linear and non-linear associations between these three metals and grip strength via multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. A higher concentration of serum Cu was monotonically linked with lower grip strength [beta = - 0.004 m(2) (95% CI: - 0.005, - 0.002)], and serum Zn was positively associated with grip strength [beta = 0.004 m(2) (95% CI: 0.002, 0.006)]. We observed a positive association between serum Se and grip strength in the unadjusted model but not in covariate-adjusted models. Interestingly, the results of RCS regression showed that serum Cu had an L-shaped non-linear association with grip strength in all participants and subgroups. We further found a linear-increased trend between serum Zn and the grip strength in all participants. There were also non-linear associations that varied across different subgroups. Taken together, serum Cu and Zn were significantly associated with grip strength, while Se was not. This study offers new evidence to help formulate a reference concentration range for serum Cu and Zn.