Recent developments of surface complexation models applied to environmental aquatic chemistry

Based on numerous latest references, the current developments in surface complexation, surface precipitation and the corresponding models (SCMs and SPMs), were reviewed. The contents involved comparison on surface charge composition and layer structure of solid solution interface for the classical 1 p K and 2 p K models. In addition, the fundamental concept and relations of the new models, i.e., multi site complexation (MUSIC) and charge distribution (CD) MUSIC models were described as well. To avoid misuse or abuse, it must be emphasized that the applicability and limitation for each model should be considered carefully when selecting the concerned model(s). In addition, some new powerful techniques for surface characterization and analysis applied to model establishment and modification were also briefly introduced.