HSP90 N-terminal inhibition promotes mitochondria-derived vesicles related metastasis by reducing TFEB transcription via decreased HSP90AA1-HCFC1 interaction in liver cancer

Cancer cells compensate with increasing mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, when canonical MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta)-mediated mitophagy is lacking. MDVs promote the transport of mitochondrial components into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and induce tumor metastasis. Although HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) chaperones hundreds of client proteins and its inhibitors suppress tumors, HSP90 inhibitors-related chemotherapy is associated with unexpected metastasis. Herein, we find that HSP90 inhibitor causes mitochondrial damage but stimulates the low LC3-induced MDVs and the release of MDVs-derived EVs. However, why LC3 decreases and what is the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of MDVs formation under HSP90 inhibition remain unknown. Because TFEB (transcription factor EB) is the most important mitophagy transcription factor, and the HSP90 client HCFC1 (host cell factor C1) regulates TFEB transcription, there should be a hidden connection between TFEB, HCFC1 and HSP90 in MDVs formation. Our results support the idea that HSP90 N-terminal inhibition reduces TFEB transcription via decreased HSP90AA1-HCFC1 interaction, which prevents HCFC1 from binding to the TFEB proximal promoter region. Decreased TFEB transcription and consequently reduced LC3, ultimately promoted MDVs formation. Blocking MDVs formation with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole (NOC) activates the HCFC1-TFEB-LC3 axis, weakens HSP90 inhibitors-induced MDVs and the release of MDVs-derived EVs, inhibits the growth of tumor cell spheres and primary liver tumors, and reduces the extravasation of cancer cells to secondary metastatic sites. Taken together, these data suggest that combination therapy should be used to reduce the metastatic risk of low TFEB-triggered-MDVs formation caused by HSP90 inhibitors.Abbreviation: ACIs: ATP-competitive inhibitors; BaFA1: bafilomycin A1; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; CHX: cycloheximide; CTD: C-terminal domain; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HCFC1: host cell factor C1; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; ILVs: intralumenal vesicles; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MD: middle domain; MDVs: mitochondria-derived vesicles; MQC: mitochondrial quality control; Delta Psi m: mitochondrial membrane potential; MVBs: multivesicular bodies; NB: novobiocin; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFs: transcription factors. NOC: nocodazole; NTD: N-terminal nucleotide binding domain; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; STA9090: Ganetespib; VPS35: VPS35 retromer complex component.