Background Despite a substantial global improvement in infant and child mortality from communicable diseases since the early 1990s there is now a growing burden of chronic disease in children and adolescents worldwide, mimicking the trend seen in the adult population. Chronic diseases in children and adolescents can affect all aspects of their well-being and function with these burdens and their health-related consequences often carried into adulthood. Up to one third of disability-adjusted life years for children and adolescents globally are a result of chronic disease. This has profound implications for the broader family unit, communities, and health systems in which these children and young people reside. Models of chronic care delivery for children and adolescents with chronic disease have traditionally been adapted from adult models. There is a growing recognition that children and adolescents with chronic diseases have a unique set of healthcare needs. Their needs extend beyond disease education and management appropriate to the developmental stage of the child, to encompass psychological well-being for the entire family and a holistic care approach focusing on the social determinants of health. It is for this reason that patient navigators have been proposed as a potential intervention to help fulfil this critical healthcare gap. Patient navigators are trained medical or non-medical personnel (e.g. lay health workers, community health workers, nurses, or people with lived experience) who provide guidance for the patients (and their primary caregivers) as they move through complex (and often bewildering) medical and social systems. The navigator may deliver education, help to co-ordinate patient care, be an advocate for the patient (and their primary caregivers), or combinations of these. Patient navigators can assist people with a chronic illness (especially those who are vulnerable or from a marginalised population, or both) to better understand their diagnoses, treatment options, and available resources. As there is considerable variation in the purpose, design, and target population of patient navigator programmes, there is a need to systematically review and summarise the existing literature on the effectiveness of navigator programmes in children and young adults with chronic disease. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of patient navigator programmes in children and adolescents with chronic diseases. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Library and Epistemonikos up to 20 January 2023 for related systematic reviews using search terms relevant to this review. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL EBSCO, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov for primary studies. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials reporting the effect of patient navigator interventions on children and adolescents (aged 18 years or younger) with any chronic disease in hospital or community settings. Two review authors independently assessed the retrieved titles and abstracts, and where necessary, the full text to identify studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data collection and analysis Two review authors extracted data using a standard data extraction form. We used a random-effects model to perform a quantitative synthesis of the data. We used the I2 statistic to measure heterogeneity amongst the studies in each analysis. We indicated summary estimates as mean differences (MD), where studies used the same scale, or standardised mean differences (SMD), where studies used different scales, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used subgroup and univariate meta-regression to assess reasons for between-study differences. We used the Cochrane RoB 1 tool to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. Main results We included 17 studies (2895 randomised participants). All studies compared patient navigators with standard care. Most studies were at unclear or high risk of bias. Meta-analysis was undertaken only for those studies that had the same duration of patient navigator intervention and follow-up/reporting of outcome measures. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of patient navigator programmes compared with standard care on self-reported quality of life of children with chronic illness (SMD 0.63, 95% CI -0.20 to 1.47; I-2 = 96%; 4 studies, 671 participants; very low-certainty evidence); parent proxy-reported quality of life (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -2.21 to 2.40; I-2 = 99%; 2 studies, 309 participants; very low-certainty evidence); or parents' or caregivers' quality of life (SMD -1.98, 95% CI -4.13 to 0.17; I-2 = 99%; 3 studies, 757 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether duration of patient navigator intervention accounts for any of the variances in the changes in quality of life. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of patient navigator programmes compared with standard care on the number of hospital admissions (MD -0.05, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.23; I-2 = 99%; 2 studies, 381 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and the number of presentations to the emergency department (MD 0.06, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.34; I-2 = 98%; 2 studies, 381 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, it is unclear whether patient navigator programmes reduce the number of missed school days as data were sparse (2 studies, 301 participants). Four studies (629 participants) reported data on resource use. However, given the variation in units of analysis used, meta-analysis was not possible (very low-certainty evidence). All studies reported cost savings or quality-adjusted life year improvement (or both) in the patient navigation arm. No studies reported on adverse events (specifically, abuse of any type against the navigator, the patient, or their family members). Authors' conclusions There is insufficient evidence at present to support the use of patient navigator programmes for children and adolescents with chronic diseases. The current evidence is based on limited data with very low-certainty evidence. Further studies are likely to significantly change these results.
