Robotic capital - skill complementarity

Relying upon an original (country-sector-year) measure of robotic capital (RK), we investigate the degree of complementarity/substitutability between robots and workers at different skill levels. We employ non- parametric methods to estimate elasticity of substitution patterns between RK and skilled/unskilled labor over the period 1995-2009. We show that: i) on average, RK exhibits less substitutability with skilled workers compared to unskilled workers, indicating a phenomenon of "RK-Skill complementarity". This pattern holds in a global context characterized by significant heterogeneity; ii) the dynamic of "RK-Skill complementarity" has increased since the early 2000s; iii) the observed strengthening is more prominent in OECD countries, as opposed to non-OECD countries, and in the Manufacturing sector, compared to non industries.