Multi-Criteria Optimization of Wind Turbines in an Offshore Wind Farm with Monopile Foundation Considering Structural Integrity and Energy Generation

Offshore wind energy plays a crucial role in achieving renewable energy targets, with OWFs facing unique environmental challenges that impact turbine performance and structural demands. This study develops an advanced optimization methodology to identify the most effective layout configurations for offshore wind farms (OWFs) with monopile foundations, focusing on enhancing structural integrity and energy generation efficiency. Using a multi-criteria optimization approach, the effects of wind turbine spacing, angular orientation, and height on energy yield and monopile loading were evaluated. Based on a seven-year dataset from the Ouido site in South Korea, where the mean wind speed is 6.95 m/s at a 150 m hub height, optimized configurations were determined. For average wind conditions, a turbine spacing of 250 m, a hub height of 148 m, and an orientation angle of 36.87 degrees minimized wake losses and distributed structural loads effectively. Under rated wind speeds of 10.59 m/s, a spacing of 282 m, a hub height of 155 m, and an orientation angle of 45 degrees further enhanced performance. These designs reduced wake interference by 25%, decreased monopile fatigue loads by 18%, and lowered the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by up to 15%. This study's findings provide a robust framework for optimizing OWFs to increase energy yield, improve operational efficiency, and ensure economic viability.