Extraction and enrichment of anthocyanins from Cerasus humilis and the inhibition on low density lipoprotein oxidation by cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

The extraction technologies and functional activities of anthocyanins have received increasing attention recently. Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok. anthocyanins (CHA) were extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with a probe-type ultrasound-assisted technique. Choline chloride-citric acid deep eutectic solvent was identified as the most suitable NADES for extracting CHA. Under optimal extraction conditions, the yield of CHA reached 66.1 +/- 0.2 mg/100 g dry weight (p < 0.05). To enhance the purity of CHA, XDA-7 resin was used for enrichment due to its favorable adsorption/desorption capacity and recovery efficiency (92.0 %, 75.4 %, and 69.4 %, respectively). The adsorption behavior of XDA-7 resin on CHA was well described by the Langmuir model, indicating a potential monolayer adsorption mechanism. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was identified as the most abundant component in enriched CHA by LC/MS2. The inhibition of C3G on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was further investigated. The lag times of conjugated diene formation during LDL lipid peroxidation were evaluated using the four-parameter logistic regression model, which showed an extension of 9.09 %, 28.9 %, and 52.9 % in a concentration-dependent manner (R-2 >= 0.985). Moreover, C3G also reduced the oxidative modification of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), the only protein component in LDL. Protein-ligand interaction studies between C3G and apoB100 indicated the formation of a ground-state complex primarily maintained by electrostatic interactions, suggesting that C3G may be transported by LDL to atherosclerotic plaques, potentially serving anti-atherogenic purposes. In conclusion, this study presents an efficient method for CHA extraction and highlights the potential of CHA in anti-atherogenic functions.