Progress in bentonite clay modification and enhancing properties to industrial applications: A review

Bentonite, an aluminum phyllosilicate derived from volcanic ash conversion, mainly contains smectite minerals, notably montmorillonite, it is eco-friendly and cost-effective material. The two principal types of bentonites are calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite, have significantly contributed to revolutions in various chemical industries. This material has enormous uses attributed to its crucial Physico-chemical properties, such as surface area, composition, plasticity, structure, sorption capacity, and cation exchange capacity. Industries ranging from construction and petrochemistry to pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and cosmetics benefit from these properties. However, to adapt bentonite for specific applications, modifications of its inherent characteristics become necessary. This systematic review explores a spectrum of modification techniques applied to bentonite clay, encompassing both physical and chemical approaches. Physical methods include heat treatment, while chemical modifications involve acid activation, surfactants, ionic liquids, inorganic compounds, and polymer. The study exactly examines the impacts of these diverse modification techniques on the structural and physico-chemical properties of bentonite. Insights gained from this review will aid researchers, engineers, and industry professionals in making informed decisions regarding the selection and application of modified bentonite in various industrial sectors. This comprehensive review sheds light on the versatility of bentonite and its potential for further innovation through targeted modifications to meet evolving industrial demands.