Next-generation solutions for water sustainability in nuclear power plants: Innovations and challenges

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) are crucial for meeting global energy demands but face significant challenges due to their high water consumption, especially in water-scarce regions. These plants primarily use water for cooling, which can lead to substantial withdrawals and thermal pollution, impacting aquatic ecosystems. This article reviews advanced cooling technologies and wastewater treatment methods that aim to enhance water efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Closed-loop systems and innovative water reclamation technologies, such as membrane filtration and reverse osmosis, are highlighted for their potential to minimize water withdrawal and improve reuse efficiency. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in hybrid cooling systems and using nanomaterials for water treatment are also discussed as promising solutions to enhance sustainability in NPPs. The paper emphasizes the importance of regulatory frameworks and economic considerations in implementing these technologies, aiming to ensure the long-term viability of nuclear energy as a low-carbon power source. The nuclear sector can contribute to sustainable water management and meet stricter environmental regulations by addressing these challenges.