Disseminated intravascular coagulation: cause, molecular mechanism, diagnosis, and therapy

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex and serious condition characterized by widespread activation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in both thrombosis and bleeding. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of DIC, emphasizing its clinical significance and the need for improved management strategies. We explore the primary causes of DIC, including sepsis, trauma, malignancies, and obstetric complications, which trigger an overactive coagulation response. At the molecular level, DIC is marked by excessive thrombin generation, leading to platelet and fibrinogen activation while simultaneously depleting clotting factors, creating a paradoxical bleeding tendency. Diagnosing DIC is challenging and relies on a combination of existing diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests. Treatment strategies focus on addressing the underlying causes and may involve supportive care, anticoagulation therapy, and other supportive measures. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of DIC are paving the way for more targeted therapeutic approaches. This review highlights the critical need for ongoing research to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy, ultimately improving patient outcomes in those affected by DIC.