State prediction using a high-gain distributed scheme

Time delays pose unique challenges in control engineering, as inherent delays can introduce instabilities and compromise system performance. To overcome these complexities, the concept of predictors or compensators has been instrumental in stabilising closed-loop systems. Still, it requires an accurate delayed state estimation through the design and implementation of predictors. In this paper, we delve into the design of novel prediction architectures tailored to nonlinear systems with input and output delays that not only ensure stability but also bolster robustness, emphasising their ability to preserve stability despite measurement noises or external perturbations. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).