The association of second-hand smoke with hypertension among adult males in Bali, Indonesia

Second-hand smoke (SHS), also known as passive smoking, is a widely accepted risk factor for hypertension. This study aimed to determine the association of SHS and hypertension among a cohort of adult males in Bali, Indonesia. A nation-wide cross-sectional study of males aged >= 18 years was included in the study. We included 7,087 males in this study out of 14,494 subjects in Bali, that participated in the Indonesian Basic Health Survey (IBHS) 2018. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association. The prevalence of hypertension among male adults was 32.3%. Among the hypertensive males, about 20.9% of the subjects was exposed to SHS. Multivariate logistic regression showed significant association between SHS (OR=1.16; 95%CI,1.02-1.32) and hypertension with adjusted odd ratio of age (aOR=1.03; 95%CI,1.02-1.04) and residence (aOR=1.10; 95%CI,0.99-1.23). The prevalence of hypertension among older males who were exposed to SHS was higher among urban residents. A public health campaign of anti-smoking is urgently needed to increase awareness of SHS exposure among older males who live in urban areas.