Eco-friendly controlled-release antifungal mulch films with carbendazim-loaded halloysite nanotubes

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a highly effective benzimidazole fungicide; however, its excessive use poses significant risks to the environment and nontarget organisms. To mitigate this issue, in this study, we developed environmentally friendly antifungal mulch films that exhibited controlled CBZ release. The films were prepared using a tape-casting technique, incorporating 21.32 % CBZ-loaded halloysite nanotubes, ultramicrocrushed sorghum straw powder, corn starch, polyvinyl alcohol, and glycerol. This unique combination not only enhanced the environmental compatibility of the films but also leveraged the synergistic properties of the components. The resulting mulch films had excellent mechanical properties (maximum tensile load of 28.9 N) and barrier performance (water vapor transmission rate of 253.22 g/(m2 & sdot;d)), fully complying with the Chinese standard for biodegradable agricultural mulch films (GB/T 35795-2017). Additionally, the films demonstrated remarkable antifungal efficacy and controlled-release behavior, following a first-order release model with a cumulative release rate of 81.43 % CBZ over 18 d. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of CBZ-loaded halloysite nanotubes with a biodegradable matrix to develop multifunctional mulch films that combine antifungal performance, environmental protection, and agricultural sustainability. The controlled release of CBZ reduces its loss and excess release in soil, addressing pollution concerns and minimizing environmental risks. Thus, this study provides insight into the design of advanced agricultural materials that align with global sustainable development goals.