A Comprehensive Insight into the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Potential of Digitalis purpurea L.

Digitalis purpurea L., commonly referred to as foxglove, is a biennial herbaceous plant indigenous to Western and Central Europe and has become widely established in temperate areas across the globe. Renowned for its vibrant bell-shaped flowers, D. purpurea has a long-standing history of medicinal use, particularly for treating cardiovascular issues. The plant is abundant in secondary metabolites, such as cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, which contribute to its significant pharmacological effects. Among these, the cardiac glycosides digoxin and digitoxin are notable active compounds extensively used in managing conditions like congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. In addition to its cardiotonic properties, D. purpurea is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial effects, generating increasing interest in contemporary medicine. This review examines the mechanisms through which these bioactive compounds operate, addresses safety considerations and potential toxicities related to D. purpurea use, and highlights current research trends. By emphasizing the necessity for careful administration and monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic window, this paper aims to underscore the therapeutic potential and future opportunities for D. purpurea in treating various diseases.