What Did the Ideal Beauty of the 15th Century Look Like? An Anthropometric Analysis of Botticelli Portraits

The aim of this study was to conduct an anthropometric analysis of the 5 portraits painted by Botticelli that depict Simonetta Vespucci. Five images in the Simonetta series by Botticelli workshop were measured. The anthropometric measurements of the face included 22 parameters on the lateral view (in 4 portraits; 18 distances and 4 angles) and 17 distances on the frontal view (in one portrait), which were measured using Adobe Photoshop. The absolute distances were calculated relative to the vertical corneal diameter (10.6 mm), which was calculated by multiplying the distance from the pupil's center to the lower margin of the iris. In the lateral faces, the nasofrontal angle (g-n-prn) was 157.6 +/- 2.4 degrees, and the nasal tip angle (n-prn-sn) was 99.7 +/- 3.4 degrees. The nasolabial angle (prn-sn-ls) was 125.7 +/- 4.9 degrees, and the labiomental angle (li-sl-pg) was 131.6 +/- 4.4 degrees. The ratio of the upper lip height to the lower lip height (sn-sto/sto-sl) was 85.4 +/- 9.0%. The ratio of the upper lip vermillion to the upper lip height (ls-sto/sn-sto) was 27.7 +/- 3.9%. The ratio of the lower lip vermillion to the lower lip height (sto-li/sto-sl) was 47.2 +/- 6.6%. Comparing the data with 21st-century Italian females, forehead II height (tr-n), physiognomical face height (tr-gn), and morphologic face height (n-gn) of the beauties of the 15th century were significantly greater than those of 21st-century Italian females. However, there were no significant differences in lower face height (sn-gn) and nose height (n-sn). Considering the ongoing cultural relevance of Renaissance art, the esthetic proportions from this study may have reflection to the present day plastic surgery.