Neuroprotective effects of all-trans-retinoic acid are mediated via downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion

Objectives: To determine the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid )ATRA( on the post-stroke inflammatory response and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.Methods: This animal experiment was conducted at Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou China during 2020-2022. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion )MCAO( for 1.5 h, and treated with ATRA at 2 and 24 h after reperfusion. Neurological deficit scores on behavioral tests, and cerebral infarct volume, microglial polarization, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteins associated with TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling were assessed. Results: The ATRA administration reduced cerebral infarct volume and ameliorated neurological deficit scores in MCAO rats. Additionally, ATRA relieved cerebral edema and downregulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines after stroke. Finally, ATRA attenuated the polarization of the microglia toward the M1 phenotype and promoted the activation of the beneficial M2 phenotype; the underlying mechanism potentially involved the suppression of the TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling pathway.Conclusion: TheATRA treatment promoted functional recovery in an experimental model of ischemic stroke by attenuating neural inflammation. ATRA potentially modulated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via the downregulation of the TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling pathway, which makes it a candidate treatment for post-stroke neuroinflammation