Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages drive progression of pediatric high-grade gliomas and are transcriptionally shaped by histone mutations

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including hemispheric pHGGs and diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs), harbor mutually exclusive tumor location-specific histone mutations. Using immunocompetent de novo mouse models of pHGGs, we demonstrated that myeloid cells were the predominant infiltrating nonneoplastic cell population. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry illustrated the presence of heterogeneous myeloid cell populations shaped by histone mutations and tumor location. Disease-associated myeloid (DAM) cell phenotypes demonstrating immune permissive characteristics were identified in murine and human pHGG samples. H3.3K27M DMGs, the most aggressive DMG, demonstrated enrichment of DAMs. Genetic ablation of chemokines Ccl8 and Ccl12 resulted in a reduction of DAMs and an increase in lymphocyte infiltration, leading to increased survival of tumor-bearing mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 resulted in extended survival and decreased myeloid cell infiltration. This work establishes the tumor-promoting role of myeloid cells in DMG and the potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting them.