Eco-friendly biocatalysis: Innovative approaches for the sustainable removal of diverse dyes from aqueous solutions

This review assesses the innovative use of biocatalysts from animal, microbial, and plant sources to efficiently remove toxic organic dyes from aqueous solutions. It explores enzymatic and catalytic pathways, detailing the mechanisms by which these biocatalysts degrade diverse dye types used in various industries. Animal and microbial enzymes achieve high removal efficiencies-up to 98%-while plant-based biocatalysts reach 95% under milder conditions, demonstrating adaptability across applications. Structural characterization through SEM, EDX, XRD, and BET techniques revealed flake-like surface morphologies with enhanced surface activity, improving dye adsorption and stability. The review also evaluates how operational parameters like catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration affect removal efficiencies, providing a foundation for future biocatalyst research to optimize eco-friendly wastewater treatment. Abbreviations: MB, Methylene Blue; CV, Crystal Violet; CR, Congo Red; MG, Malachite Green; RhB, Rhodamine B; MO, Metal Oxides; MOFs, Metal-Organic Frameworks; NMs, Nanomaterials; CNTs, Carbon Nano Tubes; BSE, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy; EDX, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy; XRD, X-ray Diffraction; BET, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller; FESEM-FIB, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focused Ion Beam; OP, Orange Peel; OPF, Orange Peel Powder Doped Iron (III) Oxide-Hydroxide; CS, Chitosan; Per, Perlite; PP, Pomegranate Peel; MOLGP, Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder; BAMOLGP, Base-Activated Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder; BCMO, Bio-Catalytic Metal Oxide.