Long-term prevalence of PTSD symptom in family members of severe COVID-19 patients: a serial follow-up study extending to 18 months after ICU discharge

Background Experiencing a loved one's stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) can profoundly affect families, often leading to post-intensive care syndrome-family (PICS-F), a condition particularly exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. While PICS-F significantly impacts the mental health of families of ICU patients, especially in the context of COVID-19, the long-term effects beyond 12 months remain understudied. This study aims to explore the prevalence of PTSD-related symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in family members up to 18 months after ICU discharge. Methods This prospective study, conducted in a tertiary university hospital in Tokyo, enrolled family members of severe COVID-19 ICU patients (July 2020 to June 2022 with final follow-up ending in December 2023). The primary outcome was family member symptoms of PTSD at 6, 12 and 18 months after ICU discharge, measured by the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (presence of PTSD symptoms defined by score > 24). Secondary outcomes were family member symptoms of anxiety and depression, sleep disorders, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at the same timepoint. Results Among 97 enrolled family members, 68 participated. At least one PTSD-related symptom was reported by 26% of family members, persisting over 18 months post-discharge (16% at 6 months, 23% at 12 months, and 25% at 18 months). A subgroup (15%) exhibited delayed-onset PTSD symptoms. Family members with PTSD-related symptoms reported lower HRQOL, especially in mental and social components. Conclusions The study underscores the importance of long-term support for family members post-ICU discharge, given the sustained prevalence of PTSD-related symptoms among family members of severe COVID-19 patients.