Biotechnological Methods for Obtaining Biologically Active Compounds of Rhodiola Rosea L. (A Review)

Due to its rich chemical composition including unique biologically active compounds the gold root (Rhodiola rosea L.) is still of interest to researchers all over the world. However, deficiency of the raw material base and metabolome variability are determination the modern development ways of pharmacologically active substances in vitro obtaining. The article summarizes and systematizes the information about of Rhodiola rosea biologically active compounds obtaining, which are most often obtaining from callus tissues. Callus tissue is usually obtaining from leaf explants, and Murashige and Skoog medium with plant growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations is most commonly used for its induction. At the same time, the tissue growth efficiency and target compounds accumulation depends on the intact plant genotype, the precursors presence of these compounds in the medium, elicitors, as well as external influence factors. Recently, a promising direction is the transgenic hairy roots cultivation, which reveals new aspects of synthesis, accumulation and secondary metabolites production regulation. Biosynthesis genetic regulation of significant secondary metabolites is also a promising direction. Numerous studies have demonstrated that salidroside biosynthesis depends on the expression of the TyrDC gene encoding tyrosinedecarboxylase. Consequently, understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms opens up opportunities for its regulation and metabolic engineering. In this regard, biotechnological methods may be a priority to obtaining salidroside, rosin and their derivatives at higher or at least comparable levels with wild type or cultivated plants. Among the various biotechnological strategies used to increase the accumulation of salidroside and glycosides of cinnamic alcohol in cells and cultures of Rhodiola organs, the approach with the addition of the metabolic precursors to the nutrient medium proved to be the most effective. In vitro cultures, a significant increase in the production of rosin and its derivatives was observed when precursors (cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde) were added to the medium.