Toward ecosystem-based deep-sea governance: a review of global approaches and China’s participation

The deep sea is an expansive and largely unexplored domain, and its effective governance requires concerted international efforts. Despite the existence of international frameworks, the current deep-sea governance structures are somewhat fragmented, led by selected entities, and address only a limited range of issues. This study examines the current landscape of international deep-sea governance, exploring the organizational frameworks, institutional structures, key actors, pressing issues, and management instruments. It also analyzes the multiple challenges that confront deep-sea governance in light of the imperative for developing an ecosystem-based approach. Furthermore, the study evaluates China’s engagement in international deep-sea governance in terms of following international conventions and contributing to scientific and technological advancements. Moreover, guided by the principles of a maritime community in a shared future, pathways for enhanced participation in ecosystem-based deep-sea governance are proposed.