Novel Approaches in 3D Printing Techniques for the Development of High-Performance Micro-Batteries

The increasing need for compact energy storage solutions, driven by the swift expansion of portable electronics and the Internet of Things, has succeeded in the advent of 3D printing as an innovative technique for fabricating micro-batteries. This innovative approach allows for customizable designs and improves electrochemical properties. This review investigates diverse 3D printing methodologies, including direct ink writing, stereolithography, inkjet printing, and fused filament fabrication, and their applications in the advancement of micro-batteries for lithium-ion micro-batteries, zinc-ion micro-batteries, and sodium-ion micro-battery implementations. The components of micro-batteries, mainly the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and current collectors, are examined and analyzed in this review, which examines the impact of 3D printing on the enhancement of materials and structures, specifically focusing on the improvements in cycle life, power density, and energy density. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the practical implementation of 3D-printed micro-batteries, specifically focusing on their utilization as wearable materials, and culminating with an extensive analysis of the evolutionary trajectory of 3D-printed micro-batteries. Notably, the focus is placed on the advancements made in the realm of multi-nozzle printing methodologies, which have significantly contributed to the advancement of performance in micro-batteries.