A survey on user-centric cell-free massive MIMO systems

The mobile data traffic has been exponentially growing during the last several decades. This was enabled by the densification of the network infrastructure in terms of increased cell density(i.e., Ultra-Dense Network(UDN))and/or the increased number of active antennas per Access Point(AP)(i.e., massive Multiple-Input MultipleOutput(m MIMO)). However, neither UDN nor m MIMO will meet the increasing demand for the data rate of the Sixth Generation(6G) wireless communications due to the inter-cell interference and large quality-of-service variations. Cell-Free(CF) m MIMO, which combines the best aspects of UDN and m MIMO, is viewed as a key solution to this issue. In such systems, each User Equipment(UE) is served by a preferred set of surrounding APs cooperatively. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art literature on CF m MIMO. As a starting point, the significance and the basic properties of CF m MIMO are highlighted. We then present the canonical framework to discuss the essential details(i.e., transmission procedure and mathematical system model). Next, we provide a deep look at the resource allocation and signal processing problems related to CF m MIMO and survey the up-to-date schemes and algorithms. After that, we discuss the practical issues in implementing CF m MIMO and point out the potential future directions. Finally, we conclude this paper with a summary of the key lessons learned in this field.