Three-dimensional tunnel face stability using a new heterogeneous dynamic filter cake

In slurry-shield tunneling, a heterogeneous dynamic filter cake occurs due to the interaction between slurry infiltrating and tool cutting, whose influence on tunnel face stability is not fully plumbed. Thus, a numerically based-limit analysis framework is proposed to assess the tunnel face stability considering a heterogeneous dynamic filter cake. The numerical model with a heterogeneous dynamic filter cake, which has spatio-temporally variable permeability coefficients according to cutter layouts, is built for solving a transient seepage flow. Numerically obtained seepage flow results are further incorporated into the threedimensional (3D) rotational failure mechanism, so as to give an upper-bound estimation on the tunnel face safety factor and the slurry pressure transfer efficiency. The proposed method is validated by comparing with previous studies regarding the slurry pressure drop, slurry pressure transfer efficiency, and tunnel face safety factors. Parametric analyses are performed to examine the excess pore pressure distributions at the filter cake-soil interface, and discuss the influences of cutterhead rotation and excess slurry pressures on the tunnel face stability. The results show that the defined 3D pressure transfer efficiency is between the one-dimensional and the two-dimensional solutions published previously; the tunnel face stability reduces as cutterhead rotating and finally reaches a dynamic equilibrium state.