Impacts of the Initial Perturbation Scale and Magnitude on Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts over Eastern China

Given the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and inevitable initial condition errors, constructing effective initial perturbations(IPs) is crucial for the performance of a convection-allowing ensemble prediction system(CAEPS). The IP growth in the CAEPS is scale-and magnitude-dependent, necessitating the investigation of the impacts of IP scales and magnitudes on CAEPS. Five comparative experiments were conducted by using the China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction System(CMA-MESO) 3-km model for 13 heavy rainfall events over eastern China: smaller-scale IPs with doubled magnitudes, larger-, meso-, and smaller-scale IPs; and a chaos seeding experiment as a baseline. First, the constructed IPs outperform unphysical chaos seeding in perturbation growth and ensemble performance. Second, the daily variation of smaller-scale perturbations is more sensitive to convective activity because smaller-scale perturbations during forecasts reach saturation faster than meso-and largerscale perturbations. Additionally, rapid downscaling cascade that saturates the smallest-scale perturbation within 6 h for larger-and meso-scale IPs is stronger in the lower troposphere and near-surface. After 9–12 h, the disturbance development of large-scale IPs is the largest in each layer on various scales. Moreover, thermodynamic perturbations,concentrated in the lower troposphere and near-surface with meso-and smaller-scale components being dominant,are smaller and more responsive to convective activity than kinematic perturbations, which are concentrated on the middle–upper troposphere and predominantly consist of larger-and meso-scale components. Furthermore, the increasing magnitude of smaller-scale IPs enables only their smaller-scale perturbations in the first 9 h to exceed those of larger-and meso-scale IPs. Third, for forecast of upper-air and surface variables, larger-scale IPs warrant a more reliable and skillful CAEPS. Finally, for precipitation, larger-scale IPs perform best for light rain at all forecast times,whereas meso-scale IPs are optimal for moderate and heavy rains at 6-h forecast time. Increasing magnitude of smaller-scale IPs improves the probability forecast skills for heavy rains during the first 3–6 h.