Effects of habitat fragmentation on ecosystem services and their trade-offs in Southwest China: A multi-perspective analysis

Exploring the relationships between habitat fragmentation on ecosystem services (ESs) is important for ecological conservation and spatial pattern optimisation. However, analyzing the influence of different habitat fragmentation processes on ESs and their trade-offs from a multiple perspective is still relatively lacking. Therefore, taking Southwest (SW) China as an example, this paper evaluated the dynamics and trade-off relationship of four main types of ESs (i.e., carbon storage (CS), grain production (GP), water retention (WR), soil retention (SR)) during 2000-2020, and analyzed the effects of four habitat fragmentation processes (i.e., decreasing habitat area, increasing habitat density, increasing habitat shape complexity and decreasing habitat cohesion) on ESs and their trade-offs by using geographically and temporally weighted regression model. The results showed that ESs showed a deterioration trend during 2000-2020, with GP, WR, CS, SR, and total ecosystem services (TES) declined by 66.45 %, 54.33 %, 41.68 %, 76.25 % and 65.83 %, respectively. The GP-SR, GP-CS and GP-WR pairs exhibited trade-offs, while other ES types pairs exhibited synergies with each other. Increasing habitat density and increasing in habitat shape complexity were the two strongest fragmentation processes influencing ESs and their trade-offs. The effects of various habitat fragmentation processes on ESs and their trade-offs have obvious spatial heterogeneity. With changes in terrain relief, proportion of karst area, habitat quality, and urbanization level, the association of habitat fragmentation-ESs and habitat fragmentationESs trade-offs existed different sensitivities. The results can provide effective guidance for landscape planning and ecosystem management in the SW.