Using nature-based solutions to improve coastal resilience

As Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are implemented more widely, it is essential to be clear in our definition of NBS and understand the performance of the various approaches. In this paper we focus on Coastal NBS which involve using natural features to offer or improve coastal protection while producing additional economic, environmental, and social benefits. We illustrate that there are a broad range of solutions spanning the creation of large expanses of habitats, hybrids of habitats and harder engineered structures, and ecological enhancements of existing infrastructure. The performance of these different approaches varies widely, and not all NBS are low-cost or self-maintaining. In many instances, the capacity for sedimentary habitats to self-maintain will depend on sediment availability, a factor that needs to be considered in the whole life costs of these approaches. The incorporation of habitat components can, however, bring multiple benefits for both nature and people. Implemented correctly, Coastal NBS therefore have the potential to be 'no regret' solutions in many locations.