Mapping lifecycle building material embodied carbon emissions for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Accurate carbon accounting is crucial for global climate change mitigation efforts. Building Material Embodied Carbon Emissions (BMCE) constitutes a significant portion of urban carbon footprints. However, the map of it at the building level remains sparse. This study proposes a model integrating multi-source remote sensing data for lifecycle BMCE mapping and assesses the building carbon efficiency according to eco-efficiency theory. Results show that BMCE in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration has a total of 3,946 MtCO2e, with intensity of 600 kgCO2e/m2. BMCE of residential buildings is the highest, double that of public buildings. Approximately 60 % of buildings are in low carbon efficiency. They emit more than 2,367 MtCO2e. This study provides valuable insights into the statistical and spatial characteristics of lifecycle BMCE and highlights the importance of carbon efficiency analysis for future urban carbon reduction.