Comprehensive review of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Principles, Materials, Performance, Challenges, and future Perspectives

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their costeffectiveness, abundance of sodium resources, and lower environmental impact. This comprehensive review explores the fundamental principles, materials, and performance characteristics of SIBs. It highlights recent advancements in cathode and anode materials, electrolytes, and cell design, addressing the challenges of lower energy density and material stability. The potential of SIBs in large-scale energy storage, integration with renewable energy sources, and contribution to the circular economy are discussed. The review emphasizes the long-term prospects and innovations that could drive the commercialization of SIBs, making them a crucial technology for sustainable energy solutions. This study provides valuable insights into the current state of SIB research, offering a roadmap for future developments in this field.