A study of the motivation and de-motivation factors influencing the participation of people of Pulau Pinang in recycling of solid wastes

The motivating and de-motivating factors that affect the effective participation of people of Pulau Pinang in the recycling of their domestic solid wastes were studied. 300 questionnaires were distributed to different areas of Pulau Pinang using a sampling frame that allowed various ethnic groups, different age groups, diverse vocations and a range of residential arrangements and the sexes to be captured - ensuring the sample was representative of the general population of the area. The research adopted a stratified sampling technique, where the Island was divided into several strata and each stratum was administered with questionnaires using a snowball approach. 275 of the questionnaires (91.7%) were completed and returned. Data collected were analyzed by converting Likert scale scores to Relative Importance Index (RII). Results of the survey showed that the majority (61%) of residents of Pulau Pinang did participate in recycling. Most recyclers are Malays, Chinese and other Malaysians, who were either students or workers in the private sector. Recyclers also tended to be those living in condominiums/apartments or terrace houses and the materials recycled were mostly paper or paper products. These groups obtain recycling related information mostly from the television. The recycling activity is generally motivated by personal concerns for the environment and the promotion of good health whereas participation in recycling services/activities is 'de-motivated' by a lack of suitable/local facilities for recycling and the time and effort spent/required in using them.