How to deploy the PSS towards a circular economy in housing? A multiple-case study

Transitioning to a circular housing economy necessitates innovative business models informed by Circular Economy (CE) principles. Yet, a business viewpoint is almost absent from the current circular housing discourse. Of various applicable business approaches, the Product-Service System (PSS) has frequently been put forward due to its resource reduction capacity. Nonetheless, its practical application within the realm of circular housing remains an uncharted territory. To address this knowledge gap, this study employed a multiple-case study, investigating the practices of five frontrunners in the field through interviews and document analysis. The findings informed an empirically grounded framework of 14 guiding principles that provide actionable knowledge for deploying the PSS for a CE in housing across the value proposition, value creation and delivery, and value capture components of the business model concept. Additionally, the findings highlighted the role of intermediary-led collaborative value networks as catalysts for PSS and CE implementation in housing. Beyond these theoretical contributions, the findings and framework presented herein can serve as a dependable point of reference for practitioners in their quest to explore and capture the potential of the PSS towards a CE in housing.