Advancing sustainable energy: a systematic review of geothermal-powered district heating and cooling networks

District heating and cooling networks distribute centrally generated heat through insulated pipes to multiple buildings, offering efficiency and reduced emissions, especially when using renewable heat sources. However, these systems face high upfront costs, heat loss during transport, and are most effective in densely populated areas. Despite interest in geothermal energy for district heating, empirical research on adoption factors is lacking. This review systematically examines literature to identify factors, opportunities, and challenges influencing geothermal energy adoption in district heating networks. Using the Web of Science database, 220 academic documents were analysed, highlighting common technical, economic, regulatory, and social challenges. The study also explores innovative technologies and methodologies for optimising geothermal district heating systems. It assesses the environmental, economic, and social benefits of geothermal systems over conventional heating and other renewable energy sources. Recommendations are made for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to overcome barriers, address knowledge gaps, and foster collaboration for sustainable heating solutions.