Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease – An Overview

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a significant global impact on public health. The emergence of atypical clinical phenotypes challenges traditional diagnostic approaches, necessitating a deeper exploration of biomarkers for accurate identification. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classification of biomarkers and their integration into different stages of AD provide a structured framework for their application in research and clinical settings. Within the context of AD drug development, biomarkers are essential for participant selection, target engagement evaluation, and assessment of pathological hallmarks, including Aβ and tau protein abnormalities. The incorporation of nanoparticles with a biodegradable approach introduces innovative strategies to address the complexities of AD. This paper extensively discusses biomarkers associated with synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and glial activation, recognizing their significance in elucidating disease mechanisms. Common pathologies such as synuclein and TDP-43 further underscore the multifaceted nature of AD. Current biomarkers for AD diagnosis, encompassing cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and various imaging modalities, reflect the ongoing efforts to enhance early detection and monitoring. Intriguingly, novel biomarkers continue to emerge, offering promising avenues for improved understanding and intervention. Current review provides a comprehensive survey of biomarkers for AD, elucidating their diverse roles across different aspects of the disease. By highlighting their contributions to diagnosis, drug development, and mechanistic insights, this overview underscores the importance of biomarker research in the pursuit of effective AD management and treatment strategies. © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.