Modeling and application of a bidirectional Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator with enhanced high-frequency modulation efficiency

We present a simple way to enhance bidirectional broadband modulation in a traveling wave Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator (EOM) by removing matched impedance and effecting a reflection of the microwave signal. A model was devised for determining the modulation efficiency (ME) in the presence of microwave reflection, without access to the physical parameters of the EOM. By using the model, the simulated MEs matched well with the measured ones, which verified the correctness of the model and demonstrated that the internal parameters of the modulator could be inferred from the model. Compared with the traditional unidirectional EOM, the measured ME of the bidirectional modulator for the optical signal that counter-propagates with the incident microwave signal was improved by 10 times at least. When the velocities of microwave and optical signals were matched, the MEs at the frequency higher than 3.3 GHz were further improved. Our model was also used to derive the optical interference signal utilizing bidirectional modulation. It was found that the signal intensity was enhanced significantly, and further improved after introducing the velocity match. This work can be expected to open up many microwave photonics applications where bidirectional optical modulation is utilized in novel sensing and metrology. (c) 2024 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.