Piezoelectric supercapacitors: current trends and future outlook

The present review analyses the research and development of piezoelectric supercapacitor (PSC)-based self-charging storage devices (SCSDs) over the last few years, with a bird's-eye view of the prevailing trends and the outlook for the future. Piezoelectric materials, known for their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, have emerged as a key player in the development of next-generation supercapacitors with self-charging capability. The present review begins with elucidating the fundamental principles of piezoelectricity and piezoelectric generators vis-& agrave;-vis materials and properties as well as their integration into supercapacitor design. Advancements in fabrication techniques and the diversity of materials used have been discussed in detail with a focus on various characterization techniques. The review also addresses existing limitations, such as low energy transfer efficiency and material toxicity, as well as presenting strategies to overcome these hurdles and proposing avenues for future research and development.