An empirical study of low-resource neural machine translation of manipuri in multilingual settings

Machine translation requires a large amount of parallel data for a production level of translation quality. This is one of the significant factors behind the lack of machine translation systems for most spoken/written languages. Likewise, Manipuri is a low resource Indian language, and there is very little digital textual available data for the same. In this work, we attempt to address the low resource neural machine translation for Manipuri and English using other Indian languages in a multilingual setup. We train an LSTM based many-to-many multilingual neural machine translation system that is infused with cross-lingual features. Experimental results show that our method improves over the vanilla many-to-many multilingual and bilingual baselines for both Manipuri to/from English translation tasks. Furthermore, our method also improves over the vanilla many-to-many multilingual system for the translation task of all the other Indian languages to/from English. We also examine the generalizability of our multilingual model by evaluating the translation among the language pairs which do not have a direct link via the zero-shot translation and compare it against the pivot-based translation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.