Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Kidney Diseases: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Aristolochic acids, compounds derived from Aristolochiaceae plant species, are associated with significant renal nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Aristolochic acid I (AAI), the most predominant and potent of these compounds, is a primary etiological agent in acute and chronic kidney diseases such as Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN). Due to the kidneys' critical role in xenobiotic excretion, they are the primary organs affected by AAI toxicity. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of these kidney diseases. This review provides an update on the recent advances in understanding the causes of acquired mitochondrial dysfunction within the context of AAN and BEN. Key findings include the identification of mitochondrial DNA depletion, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased ATP production as significant contributors to kidney damage. Additionally, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators have been implicated in disease progression. Potential therapeutic approaches, such as the use of antioxidants like vitamin C and catalpol, have shown promise in mitigating AAI-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, future predictive approaches like pharmacogenomics could pave the way for novel mitochondria-targeted treatments. A comprehensive characterization of mitochondrial function, its underlying molecular mechanisms, and specific biomarkers could offer valuable insights and potential therapeutic options, significantly impacting the current management of AAN and BEN.