Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment and Incidence of Pancreatitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an approved therapy for the management of various advanced neoplasms. Limited reviews focus on the influence of this therapy resulting in pancreatitis. This review discusses the relationship between ICIs and their effects on the pancreas, including the incidence of pancreatitis, immunotherapy, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptors, driver mutations, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and immune-related adverse events. Additionally, it focuses on the clinical presentations, diagnosis, case studies, and mechanisms by which ICIs activate different pathways to cause pancreatitis. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant studies on ICI-associated pancreatitis. The review explores the incidence and epidemiology of ICI-induced pancreatitis, its clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies. The overall incidence of ICI-induced pancreatitis is estimated at 1-2%, with higher rates observed in combination therapy. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic enzyme elevations to severe pancreatitis. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical symptoms, elevated pancreatic enzymes, and imaging findings, with MRI and endoscopic ultrasound showing promise in early detection. Management strategies include IV fluid administration, pain control, and nutritional support. The efficacy of corticosteroids remains controversial, and alternative immunosuppressants are being explored for steroid-refractory cases. Long-term monitoring is crucial due to the risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency. This review highlights the need for further research to elucidate the exact mechanisms of ICI-associated pancreatic injury, develop predictive biomarkers, and refine treatment protocols. As ICI use continues to expand, a thorough understanding of this adverse event is essential for optimizing patient care and outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.