Machine learning for adverse event prediction in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: a scoping review

Objective This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of machine learning (ML) techniques in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) for predicting adverse outcomes and to evaluate their validation, implementation and potential barriers to adoption.Materials and methods This scoping review included studies applying ML algorithms to adult OPAT patients, covering techniques from logistic regression to neural networks. Outcomes considered were medication intolerance, toxicity, catheter complications, hospital readmission and patient deterioration. A comprehensive search was conducted across databases including Cochrane Central, Cochrane Reviews, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus, from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2024.Results Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, with the majority being single-centre experiences primarily from North America. Most studies focused on developing new ML models to predict outcomes such as hospital readmissions and medication-related complications. However, there was very little reporting on the performance characteristics of these models, such as specificity, sensitivity and C-statistics. There was a lack of multi-centre or cross-centre validation, limiting generalizability. Few studies advanced beyond traditional logistic regression models, and integration into clinical practice remains limited.Discussion ML shows promise for enhancing OPAT outcomes by predicting adverse events and enabling pre-emptive interventions. Despite this potential, significant gaps exist in development, validation and practical implementation. Barriers include the need for representative data sets and broadly applicable, validated models.Conclusion Future research should address these barriers to fully leverage ML's potential in optimizing OPAT care and patient safety. Models must deliver timely, accurate and actionable insights to improve adverse event prediction and prevention in OPAT settings.