Population pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefoxitin in elective bariatric surgery patients: a prospective monocentric study

Background: This study describes the population pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin in obese patients undergoing elective bariatric surgery and evaluates different dosing regimens for achievement of predefined target exposures.<br /> Methods: Serial blood samples were collected during surgery with relevant clinical data. Total serum cefoxitin concentrations were measured by chromatographic assay and analysed using a population PK approach with Pmetrics1. The cefoxitin unbound fraction (fu) was estimated. Dosing simulations were performed to ascertain the probability of target attainment (PTA) to achieve cefoxitin fu above minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from surgical incision to wound closure. Fractional target attainment (FTA) was calculated against MIC distributions of common pathogens.<br /> Results: A total of 123 obese patients (median BMI 44.3 kg/m2) were included with 381 cefoxitin concentration values. Cefoxitin was best described by a one-compartment model, with a mean clearance and volume of distribution of 10.9 f 6.1 L/h and 23.4 f 10.5 L, respectively. In surgery <2 h, a 2 and a 4 g doses were sufficient for an MIC up to 4 and 8 mg/L (fu 50%), respectively. In prolonged surgery (2-4 h), only continuous infusion enabled optimal PTA for an MIC up to 16 mg/L. Optimal FTAs were obtained against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli only when simulating with 50% cefoxitin protein binding (intermittent regimen) and regardless of the protein binding for the continuous infusion. Conclusion: Intermittent dosing regimens resulted in optimal FTAs against susceptible MIC distributions of S. aureus and E. coli when simulating with 50% cefoxitin protein binding. Continuous infusion of cefoxitin may improve FTA regardless of protein binding.