Temporal trends in cross-country inequalities of stroke and subtypes burden from 1990 to 2021: a secondary analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

Background Stroke remains a significant fi cant global health challenge, with persistent disparities in burden across different countries and regions. This study aimed to assess the temporal trends in cross-country inequalities of stroke and its subtypes burden from 1990 to 2021. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The age-standardised disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) was used to assess the burden of stroke and its subtypes (ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage) across 21 GBD regions and 204 countries. The slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index were calculated to quantify the absolute and relative cross-country inequalities in the burden of stroke and its subtypes, with negative values indicating a higher burden in lower socio-demographic index (SDI) countries, and positive values indicating a higher burden in higher SDI countries. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to illustrate temporal trends at global and regional levels from 1990 to 2021. The inequality changing patterns from 1990 to 2021 were classified as worsening, improving, and shifting to higher burdens among higher or lower SDI countries. Findings From 1990 to 2021, the ASDR of total stroke decreased from 3078.95 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2893.58, 3237.34) to 1886.20 (95% UI: 1738.99, 2017.90) per 100,000 population globally. While both absolute and relative inequalities increased, with a disproportionately higher burden shouldered by countries with lower SDI. The SII of total stroke exhibited a worsening inequality among lower SDI countries, increasing by 286.97 units from - 2329.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 2857.50, - 1801.43) in 1990 to - 2616.44 (95% CI: - 2987.33, - 2245.56) in 2021. Similarly, the concentration index of total stroke increased by 0.03 from - 0.0819 (95% CI: - 0.1143, - 0.0495) in 1990 to - 0.1119 (95% CI: - 0.1478, - 0.0759) in 2021. The changing patterns from 1990 to 2021 were diverse across regions, yet most regions exhibited a worsening inequality among lower SDI countries in both SII and concentration index. Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showed the largest worsening inequality in SII (EAPC: - 2.15, 95% CI: - 2.71, - 1.57) while Central Europe showed the largest worsening inequality in concentration index (EAPC: - 0.51, 95% CI: - 0.58, - 0.44). In 2021, the highest negative SII was observed in Oceania and the highest negative concentration index was in the Caribbean. In terms of subtypes, ischemic stroke reported a worsening inequality among lower SDI countries in SII (EAPC: - 2.13, 95% CI: - 2.20, - 2.05) while intracerebral haemorrhage showed an improving inequality in SII (EAPC: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.47). SII in subarachnoid haemorrhage (EAPC: - 0.18, 95% CI: - 0.19, - 0.17) and concentration index in ischemic stroke (EAPC: - 0.25, 95% CI: - 0.27, - 0.23) presented a shift to higher burden among lower SDI countries from 1990 to 2021. Interpretation Although the burden of stroke and its subtypes decreased from 1990 to 2021, inequalities have persisted and even widened in some regions. Timely and effective prevention and management strategies for stroke and its subtypes are needed in specific areas to reduce the stroke burden and achieve equity in health outcomes.